ABAP Select data from SAP table IMATDOCITEM into internal table

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Below is a number of ABAP code snippets to demonstrate how to select data from SAP IMATDOCITEM table and store it within an internal table, including using the newer @DATA inline declaration methods. It also shows you various ways to process this data using ABAP work area, inline declaration or field symbols including executing all the relevant CONVERSION_EXIT routines specific to IMATDOCITEM. See here for more generic Select statement tips.

Sometimes data within SAP is stored within the database table in a different format to what it is displayed to the user. These input/output conversation FM routines are what translates the data between the two formats.

There is also a full declaration of the IMATDOCITEM table where each field has a char/string type for you to simply copy and paste. This allows you to use processing that is only available to these field types such as the CONCATENATE statement.

DATA: IT_IMATDOCITEM TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF IMATDOCITEM,
      WA_IMATDOCITEM TYPE IMATDOCITEM,
      GD_STR TYPE STRING.

DATA: lo_typedescr type REF TO cl_abap_typedescr.
DATA: lv_fieldname type fieldname.

FIELD-SYMBOLS: <FIELD> TYPE any.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <IMATDOCITEM> TYPE IMATDOCITEM.

*Process all fields in table header/work area as string values
  PERFORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING wa_IMATDOCITEM.

SELECT *
*restrict ABAP select to first 10 rows
 UP TO 10 ROWS      
  FROM IMATDOCITEM
  INTO TABLE IT_IMATDOCITEM.

*Select data and declare internal table using in-line method @DATA
*SELECT *
*  FROM IMATDOCITEM
*  INTO TABLE @DATA(IT_IMATDOCITEM2).
*--Further methods of using ABAP code to  select data from SAP database tables

*You can also declare the header/work area using the in-line DATA declaration method
READ TABLE IT_IMATDOCITEM INDEX 1 INTO DATA(WA_IMATDOCITEM2).


*Demonstrate how to loop at an internal table and update values using a FIELD-SYMBOL
LOOP AT IT_IMATDOCITEM ASSIGNING <IMATDOCITEM>.

*To update a field value using a field symbol simply change the value via the field symbol pointer
<IMATDOCITEM>-MANDT = 1.
<IMATDOCITEM>-MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR = 1.
<IMATDOCITEM>-MATERIALDOCUMENT = 1.
<IMATDOCITEM>-MATERIALDOCUMENTITEM = 1.
<IMATDOCITEM>-MATERIAL = 1.

ENDLOOP.

LOOP AT IT_IMATDOCITEM INTO WA_IMATDOCITEM.
*Write horizonal line to screen report.
  WRITE:/ sy-uline.

*Write selected data to screen/report before conversion.
  WRITE:/ sy-vline,   WA_IMATDOCITEM-PLANT, sy-vline,
  WA_IMATDOCITEM-STORAGELOCATION, sy-vline,
  WA_IMATDOCITEM-STORAGETYPE, sy-vline,
  WA_IMATDOCITEM-STORAGEBIN, sy-vline,
  WA_IMATDOCITEM-BATCH, sy-vline,
  WA_IMATDOCITEM-SHELFLIFEEXPIRATIONDATE, sy-vline.
ENDLOOP.
   
*Add any further fields from structure WA_IMATDOCITEM you want to display...

  WRITE:/ sy-uline.
* Aternatively use generic code to Write field values (and NAME) to screen report
  DO.
    ASSIGN COMPONENT sy-index OF STRUCTURE wa_IMATDOCITEM TO <field>.
    IF sy-subrc <> 0. EXIT. ENDIF.
    WRITE:/ 'Field Value', <field>, sy-vline.
    gd_str = <field> .
    lo_typedescr ?= CL_ABAP_DATADESCR=>DESCRIBE_BY_DATA( <field> ).
    lv_fieldname = lo_typedescr->GET_RELATIVE_NAME( ).
    WRITE:/ 'Field Name', lv_fieldname.
  ENDDO.

  
*Redo loop but convert all fields from internal to out value  
LOOP AT IT_IMATDOCITEM INTO WA_IMATDOCITEM.


*Write horizonal line to screen report.
  WRITE:/ sy-uline.

*Convert all fields to display/output versions using conversion routines
  PERFORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING wa_EKKO.
	 
ENDLOOP.

  
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form convert_all_field_values
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO.
DATA: ld_input(1000) TYPE c, ld_output(1000) TYPE C.

*Conversion exit GJAHR, internal->external for field MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_GJAHR_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field MATERIALDOCUMENT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALDOCUMENT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALDOCUMENT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit MATN1, internal->external for field MATERIAL
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_MATN1_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIAL
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIAL.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SUPPLIER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-SUPPLIER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-SUPPLIER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SALESORDER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-SALESORDER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-SALESORDER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ABPSP, internal->external for field WBSELEMENTINTERNALID
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ABPSP_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-WBSELEMENTINTERNALID
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-WBSELEMENTINTERNALID.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field CUSTOMER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-CUSTOMER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-CUSTOMER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field STOCKOWNER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-STOCKOWNER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-STOCKOWNER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field MATERIALBASEUNIT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALBASEUNIT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-MATERIALBASEUNIT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field ENTRYUNIT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-ENTRYUNIT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-ENTRYUNIT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field PURCHASEORDER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-PURCHASEORDER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-PURCHASEORDER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field PROJECTNETWORK
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-PROJECTNETWORK
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-PROJECTNETWORK.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field ORDERID
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-ORDERID
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-ORDERID.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field DELIVERYDOCUMENT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-DELIVERYDOCUMENT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-DELIVERYDOCUMENT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit GJAHR, internal->external for field REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_GJAHR_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field COSTCENTER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-COSTCENTER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-COSTCENTER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field GLACCOUNT
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-GLACCOUNT
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-GLACCOUNT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SERVICEPERFORMER
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-SERVICEPERFORMER
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-SERVICEPERFORMER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit MATN1, internal->external for field ISSGORRCVGMATERIAL
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_MATN1_OUTPUT'
  EXPORTING
    input =                      WA_IMATDOCITEM-ISSGORRCVGMATERIAL
  IMPORTING
    output =                     ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_IMATDOCITEM-ISSGORRCVGMATERIAL.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.
ENDFORM. 

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form process_as_string_field_values
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO.

TYPES: BEGIN OF T_IMATDOCITEM_STR, 
MANDT TYPE STRING,
MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR TYPE STRING,
MATERIALDOCUMENT TYPE STRING,
MATERIALDOCUMENTITEM TYPE STRING,
MATERIAL TYPE STRING,
PLANT TYPE STRING,
STORAGELOCATION TYPE STRING,
STORAGETYPE TYPE STRING,
STORAGEBIN TYPE STRING,
BATCH TYPE STRING,
SHELFLIFEEXPIRATIONDATE TYPE STRING,
MANUFACTUREDATE TYPE STRING,
SUPPLIER TYPE STRING,
SALESORDER TYPE STRING,
SALESORDERITEM TYPE STRING,
SALESORDERSCHEDULELINE TYPE STRING,
WBSELEMENTINTERNALID TYPE STRING,
CUSTOMER TYPE STRING,
INVENTORYSPECIALSTOCKTYPE TYPE STRING,
INVENTORYSTOCKTYPE TYPE STRING,
STOCKOWNER TYPE STRING,
GOODSMOVEMENTTYPE TYPE STRING,
DEBITCREDITCODE TYPE STRING,
INVENTORYUSABILITYCODE TYPE STRING,
QUANTITYINBASEUNIT TYPE STRING,
MATERIALBASEUNIT TYPE STRING,
QUANTITYINENTRYUNIT TYPE STRING,
ENTRYUNIT TYPE STRING,
POSTINGDATE TYPE STRING,
DOCUMENTDATE TYPE STRING,
TOTALGOODSMVTAMTINCCCRCY TYPE STRING,
COMPANYCODECURRENCY TYPE STRING,
INVENTORYVALUATIONTYPE TYPE STRING,
RESERVATIONISFINALLYISSUED TYPE STRING,
PURCHASEORDER TYPE STRING,
PURCHASEORDERITEM TYPE STRING,
PROJECTNETWORK TYPE STRING,
ORDERID TYPE STRING,
ORDERITEM TYPE STRING,
RESERVATION TYPE STRING,
RESERVATIONITEM TYPE STRING,
DELIVERYDOCUMENT TYPE STRING,
DELIVERYDOCUMENTITEM TYPE STRING,
REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR TYPE STRING,
REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENT TYPE STRING,
REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTITEM TYPE STRING,
RVSLOFGOODSRECEIPTISALLOWED TYPE STRING,
GOODSRECIPIENTNAME TYPE STRING,
UNLOADINGPOINTNAME TYPE STRING,
COSTCENTER TYPE STRING,
GLACCOUNT TYPE STRING,
SERVICEPERFORMER TYPE STRING,
EMPLOYMENTINTERNALID TYPE STRING,
PERSONWORKAGREEMENT TYPE STRING,
ACCOUNTASSIGNMENTCATEGORY TYPE STRING,
WORKITEM TYPE STRING,
SERVICESRENDEREDDATE TYPE STRING,
ISSGORRCVGMATERIAL TYPE STRING,
ISSUINGORRECEIVINGPLANT TYPE STRING,
ISSUINGORRECEIVINGSTORAGELOC TYPE STRING,
ISSGORRCVGBATCH TYPE STRING,
ISSGORRCVGSPCLSTOCKIND TYPE STRING,
COMPANYCODE TYPE STRING,
BUSINESSAREA TYPE STRING,
CONTROLLINGAREA TYPE STRING,
FISCALYEARPERIOD TYPE STRING,
FISCALYEARVARIANT TYPE STRING,
GOODSMOVEMENTREFDOCTYPE TYPE STRING,
ISCOMPLETELYDELIVERED TYPE STRING,
MATERIALDOCUMENTITEMTEXT TYPE STRING,
ISAUTOMATICALLYCREATED TYPE STRING,
GOODSRECEIPTTYPE TYPE STRING,
CONSUMPTIONPOSTING TYPE STRING,
MULTIACCTASSGMTORIGLMATLDOCITM TYPE STRING,
HASMULTIPLEACCOUNTASSIGNMENT TYPE STRING,END OF T_EKKO_STR.
DATA: WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR type T_EKKO_STR.

DATA: ld_text TYPE string.

LOOP AT IT_EKKO INTO WA_EKKO.
  MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_EKKO TO WA_EKKO_STR.
  CONCATENATE: sy-vline
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MANDT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIALDOCUMENT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIALDOCUMENTITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIAL sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-PLANT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-STORAGELOCATION sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-STORAGETYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-STORAGEBIN sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-BATCH sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SHELFLIFEEXPIRATIONDATE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MANUFACTUREDATE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SUPPLIER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SALESORDER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SALESORDERITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SALESORDERSCHEDULELINE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-WBSELEMENTINTERNALID sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-CUSTOMER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-INVENTORYSPECIALSTOCKTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-INVENTORYSTOCKTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-STOCKOWNER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-GOODSMOVEMENTTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-DEBITCREDITCODE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-INVENTORYUSABILITYCODE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-QUANTITYINBASEUNIT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIALBASEUNIT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-QUANTITYINENTRYUNIT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ENTRYUNIT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-POSTINGDATE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-DOCUMENTDATE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-TOTALGOODSMVTAMTINCCCRCY sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-COMPANYCODECURRENCY sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-INVENTORYVALUATIONTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-RESERVATIONISFINALLYISSUED sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-PURCHASEORDER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-PURCHASEORDERITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-PROJECTNETWORK sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ORDERID sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ORDERITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-RESERVATION sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-RESERVATIONITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-DELIVERYDOCUMENT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-DELIVERYDOCUMENTITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTYEAR sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-REVERSEDMATERIALDOCUMENTITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-RVSLOFGOODSRECEIPTISALLOWED sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-GOODSRECIPIENTNAME sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-UNLOADINGPOINTNAME sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-COSTCENTER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-GLACCOUNT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SERVICEPERFORMER sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-EMPLOYMENTINTERNALID sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-PERSONWORKAGREEMENT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ACCOUNTASSIGNMENTCATEGORY sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-WORKITEM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-SERVICESRENDEREDDATE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISSGORRCVGMATERIAL sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISSUINGORRECEIVINGPLANT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISSUINGORRECEIVINGSTORAGELOC sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISSGORRCVGBATCH sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISSGORRCVGSPCLSTOCKIND sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-COMPANYCODE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-BUSINESSAREA sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-CONTROLLINGAREA sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-FISCALYEARPERIOD sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-FISCALYEARVARIANT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-GOODSMOVEMENTREFDOCTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISCOMPLETELYDELIVERED sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MATERIALDOCUMENTITEMTEXT sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-ISAUTOMATICALLYCREATED sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-GOODSRECEIPTTYPE sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-CONSUMPTIONPOSTING sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-MULTIACCTASSGMTORIGLMATLDOCITM sy-vline 
WA_IMATDOCITEM_STR-HASMULTIPLEACCOUNTASSIGNMENT sy-vline      INTO ld_text SEPARATED BY SPACE.

*Add any further fields from structure WA_EKKO_STR you want to CONCATENATE...
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.