ABAP Select data from SAP table CATSBELTAB into internal table

Get Example source ABAP code based on a different SAP table
  

Below is a number of ABAP code snippets to demonstrate how to select data from SAP CATSBELTAB table and store it within an internal table, including using the newer @DATA inline declaration methods. It also shows you various ways to process this data using ABAP work area, inline declaration or field symbols including executing all the relevant CONVERSION_EXIT routines specific to CATSBELTAB. See here for more generic Select statement tips.

Sometimes data within SAP is stored within the database table in a different format to what it is displayed to the user. These input/output conversation FM routines are what translates the data between the two formats.

There is also a full declaration of the CATSBELTAB table where each field has a char/string type for you to simply copy and paste. This allows you to use processing that is only available to these field types such as the CONCATENATE statement.

DATA: IT_CATSBELTAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF CATSBELTAB,
      WA_CATSBELTAB TYPE CATSBELTAB,
      GD_STR TYPE STRING.

DATA: lo_typedescr type REF TO cl_abap_typedescr.
DATA: lv_fieldname type fieldname.

FIELD-SYMBOLS: <FIELD> TYPE any.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <CATSBELTAB> TYPE CATSBELTAB.

*Process all fields in table header/work area as string values
  PERFORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING wa_CATSBELTAB.

SELECT *
*restrict ABAP select to first 10 rows
 UP TO 10 ROWS      
  FROM CATSBELTAB
  INTO TABLE IT_CATSBELTAB.

*Select data and declare internal table using in-line method @DATA
*SELECT *
*  FROM CATSBELTAB
*  INTO TABLE @DATA(IT_CATSBELTAB2).
*--Further methods of using ABAP code to  select data from SAP database tables

*You can also declare the header/work area using the in-line DATA declaration method
READ TABLE IT_CATSBELTAB INDEX 1 INTO DATA(WA_CATSBELTAB2).


*Demonstrate how to loop at an internal table and update values using a FIELD-SYMBOL
LOOP AT IT_CATSBELTAB ASSIGNING <CATSBELTAB>.
*To update a field value using a field symbol simply change the value via the field symbol pointer
<CATSBELTAB>-ICON = 1.
<CATSBELTAB>-MANDT = 1.
<CATSBELTAB>-COUNTER = 1.
<CATSBELTAB>-PERNR = 1.
<CATSBELTAB>-WORKDATE = 1.
ENDLOOP.

LOOP AT IT_CATSBELTAB INTO WA_CATSBELTAB.
*Write horizonal line to screen report.
  WRITE:/ sy-uline.

*Write selected data to screen/report before conversion.
  WRITE:/ sy-vline,   WA_CATSBELTAB-SKOSTL, sy-vline,
WA_CATSBELTAB-LSTAR, sy-vline,
WA_CATSBELTAB-SEBELN, sy-vline,
WA_CATSBELTAB-SEBELP, sy-vline,
WA_CATSBELTAB-SPRZNR, sy-vline,
WA_CATSBELTAB-LSTNR, sy-vline.
ENDLOOP. *Add any further fields from structure WA_CATSBELTAB you want to display... WRITE:/ sy-uline. * Aternatively use generic code to Write field values (and NAME) to screen report DO. ASSIGN COMPONENT sy-index OF STRUCTURE wa_CATSBELTAB TO <field>. IF sy-subrc <> 0. EXIT. ENDIF. WRITE:/ 'Field Value', <field>, sy-vline. gd_str = <field> . lo_typedescr ?= CL_ABAP_DATADESCR=>DESCRIBE_BY_DATA( <field> ). lv_fieldname = lo_typedescr->GET_RELATIVE_NAME( ). WRITE:/ 'Field Name', lv_fieldname. ENDDO. *Redo loop but convert all fields from internal to out value LOOP AT IT_CATSBELTAB INTO WA_CATSBELTAB. *Write horizonal line to screen report. WRITE:/ sy-uline. *Convert all fields to display/output versions using conversion routines PERFORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING wa_EKKO. ENDLOOP. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form convert_all_field_values *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM convert_all_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO. DATA: ld_input(1000) TYPE c, ld_output(1000) TYPE C.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SKOSTL CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-SKOSTL IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-SKOSTL.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SEBELN CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-SEBELN IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-SEBELN.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SPRZNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-SPRZNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-SPRZNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field LSTNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-LSTNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-LSTNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field RKOSTL CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RKOSTL IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RKOSTL.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ABPSP, internal->external for field RPROJ CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ABPSP_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RPROJ IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RPROJ.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field RAUFNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RAUFNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RAUFNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field RNPLNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RNPLNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RNPLNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field RKDAUF CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RKDAUF IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RKDAUF.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field RPRZNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-RPRZNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-RPRZNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field GRANT_NBR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-GRANT_NBR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-GRANT_NBR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field S_GRANT_NBR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-S_GRANT_NBR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-S_GRANT_NBR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field SERVICE_DOC_ID CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-SERVICE_DOC_ID IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-SERVICE_DOC_ID.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field WABLNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-WABLNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-WABLNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field MEINH CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-MEINH IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-MEINH.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field HRKOSTL CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-HRKOSTL IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-HRKOSTL.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field HRGRANT_NBR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-HRGRANT_NBR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-HRGRANT_NBR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit CUNIT, internal->external for field UNIT CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_CUNIT_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-UNIT IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-UNIT.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field LOGSYS CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-LOGSYS IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-LOGSYS.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field BELNR CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-BELNR IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-BELNR.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field EXTSYSTEM CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-EXTSYSTEM IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-EXTSYSTEM.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.

*Conversion exit ALPHA, internal->external for field TASKCOUNTER CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT' EXPORTING input = WA_CATSBELTAB-TASKCOUNTER IMPORTING output = ld_input.
WRITE:/ 'Org Value:', WA_CATSBELTAB-TASKCOUNTER.
WRITE:/ 'New Value:', ld_input.
ENDFORM. *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Form process_as_string_field_values *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* FORM process_as_string_field_values CHANGING p_EKKO LIKE wa_EKKO. TYPES: BEGIN OF T_CATSBELTAB_STR,
ICON TYPE STRING,
MANDT TYPE STRING,
COUNTER TYPE STRING,
PERNR TYPE STRING,
WORKDATE TYPE STRING,
SKOSTL TYPE STRING,
LSTAR TYPE STRING,
SEBELN TYPE STRING,
SEBELP TYPE STRING,
SPRZNR TYPE STRING,
LSTNR TYPE STRING,
RKOSTL TYPE STRING,
RPROJ TYPE STRING,
RAUFNR TYPE STRING,
RNPLNR TYPE STRING,
RAUFPL TYPE STRING,
RAPLZL TYPE STRING,
RKDAUF TYPE STRING,
RKDPOS TYPE STRING,
RKSTR TYPE STRING,
RPRZNR TYPE STRING,
PAOBJNR TYPE STRING,
FUND TYPE STRING,
FUNC_AREA TYPE STRING,
GRANT_NBR TYPE STRING,
S_FUND TYPE STRING,
S_FUNC_AREA TYPE STRING,
S_GRANT_NBR TYPE STRING,
BUDGET_PD TYPE STRING,
SBUDGET_PD TYPE STRING,
SERVICE_DOC_TYPE TYPE STRING,
SERVICE_DOC_ID TYPE STRING,
SERVICE_DOC_ITEM_ID TYPE STRING,
OVERTIMECAT TYPE STRING,
WORK_ITEM_ID TYPE STRING,
AWART TYPE STRING,
LGART TYPE STRING,
KAPID TYPE STRING,
SPLIT TYPE STRING,
REINR TYPE STRING,
WABLNR TYPE STRING,
VERSL TYPE STRING,
WTART TYPE STRING,
BWGRL TYPE STRING,
WAERS TYPE STRING,
AUFKZ TYPE STRING,
TRFGR TYPE STRING,
TRFST TYPE STRING,
PRAKN TYPE STRING,
PRAKZ TYPE STRING,
OTYPE TYPE STRING,
PLANS TYPE STRING,
KOKRS TYPE STRING,
MEINH TYPE STRING,
TCURR TYPE STRING,
PRICE TYPE STRING,
ARBID TYPE STRING,
WERKS TYPE STRING,
AUTYP TYPE STRING,
HRCOSTASG TYPE STRING,
HRKOSTL TYPE STRING,
HRLSTAR TYPE STRING,
HRFUND TYPE STRING,
HRFUNC_AREA TYPE STRING,
HRGRANT_NBR TYPE STRING,
BEMOT TYPE STRING,
UNIT TYPE STRING,
STATKEYFIG TYPE STRING,
TASKTYPE TYPE STRING,
TASKLEVEL TYPE STRING,
TASKCOMPONENT TYPE STRING,
BUKRS TYPE STRING,
CPR_GUID TYPE STRING,
CPR_EXTID TYPE STRING,
CPR_OBJGUID TYPE STRING,
CPR_OBJGEXTID TYPE STRING,
CPR_OBJTYPE TYPE STRING,
HRBUDGET_PD TYPE STRING,
ERSDA TYPE STRING,
ERSTM TYPE STRING,
ERNAM TYPE STRING,
LAEDA TYPE STRING,
LAETM TYPE STRING,
AENAM TYPE STRING,
APNAM TYPE STRING,
APDAT TYPE STRING,
WORKITEMID TYPE STRING,
LOGSYS TYPE STRING,
STATUS TYPE STRING,
REFCOUNTER TYPE STRING,
REASON TYPE STRING,
BELNR TYPE STRING,
EXTSYSTEM TYPE STRING,
EXTAPPLICATION TYPE STRING,
EXTDOCUMENTNO TYPE STRING,
TASKCOUNTER TYPE STRING,
CATSHOURS TYPE STRING,
BEGUZ TYPE STRING,
ENDUZ TYPE STRING,
VTKEN TYPE STRING,
ALLDF TYPE STRING,
OFMNW TYPE STRING,
PEDD TYPE STRING,
AUERU TYPE STRING,
LTXA1 TYPE STRING,
LONGTEXT TYPE STRING,
ERUZU TYPE STRING,
CATSAMOUNT TYPE STRING,
CATSQUANTITY TYPE STRING,
DUMMY_INCL_EEW_PRS_CPILS TYPE STRING,END OF T_EKKO_STR. DATA: WA_CATSBELTAB_STR type T_EKKO_STR. DATA: ld_text TYPE string. LOOP AT IT_EKKO INTO WA_EKKO. MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_EKKO TO WA_EKKO_STR. CONCATENATE: sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ICON sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-MANDT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-COUNTER sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PERNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WORKDATE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SKOSTL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LSTAR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SEBELN sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SEBELP sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SPRZNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LSTNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RKOSTL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RPROJ sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RAUFNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RNPLNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RAUFPL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RAPLZL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RKDAUF sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RKDPOS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RKSTR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-RPRZNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PAOBJNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-FUND sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-FUNC_AREA sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-GRANT_NBR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-S_FUND sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-S_FUNC_AREA sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-S_GRANT_NBR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BUDGET_PD sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SBUDGET_PD sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SERVICE_DOC_TYPE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SERVICE_DOC_ID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SERVICE_DOC_ITEM_ID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-OVERTIMECAT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WORK_ITEM_ID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-AWART sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LGART sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-KAPID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-SPLIT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-REINR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WABLNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-VERSL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WTART sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BWGRL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WAERS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-AUFKZ sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TRFGR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TRFST sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PRAKN sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PRAKZ sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-OTYPE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PLANS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-KOKRS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-MEINH sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TCURR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PRICE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ARBID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WERKS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-AUTYP sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRCOSTASG sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRKOSTL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRLSTAR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRFUND sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRFUNC_AREA sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRGRANT_NBR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BEMOT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-UNIT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-STATKEYFIG sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TASKTYPE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TASKLEVEL sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TASKCOMPONENT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BUKRS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CPR_GUID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CPR_EXTID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CPR_OBJGUID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CPR_OBJGEXTID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CPR_OBJTYPE sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-HRBUDGET_PD sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ERSDA sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ERSTM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ERNAM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LAEDA sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LAETM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-AENAM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-APNAM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-APDAT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-WORKITEMID sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LOGSYS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-STATUS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-REFCOUNTER sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-REASON sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BELNR sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-EXTSYSTEM sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-EXTAPPLICATION sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-EXTDOCUMENTNO sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-TASKCOUNTER sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CATSHOURS sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-BEGUZ sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ENDUZ sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-VTKEN sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ALLDF sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-OFMNW sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-PEDD sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-AUERU sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LTXA1 sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-LONGTEXT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-ERUZU sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CATSAMOUNT sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-CATSQUANTITY sy-vline
WA_CATSBELTAB_STR-DUMMY_INCL_EEW_PRS_CPILS sy-vline INTO ld_text SEPARATED BY SPACE. *Add any further fields from structure WA_EKKO_STR you want to CONCATENATE... ENDLOOP. ENDFORM.